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第一百零九章 孙刘联盟(二)(1 / 2)

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除了序和盟约内容之外,盟书中往往还会写下“诅咒”,因为在古人眼里,只有在神力的约束之下,盟誓的效果才能有所保证,盟誓的约束内力的实现是以“神判”为惩罚前提,所以对违反盟誓之人的诅咒自然也是盟书中必不可少的一部分。

这宣读盟书之人也早就定下,孙权与刘备各自派鲁肃和简雍行事,简雍乃是此时刘备的谋主,代表刘备宣读盟书自然合理,而鲁肃入孙权幕府并不算久,竟也能站在这里宣读盟书,无疑代表了孙权对其的重视。

最初刘备看到鲁肃时时跟随孙权,只认为鲁肃大抵是孙权贴身心腹,毕竟他从未听说鲁肃其人,直至如今看出孙权对其的重视之后,刘备心中才暗暗记下此人。

此前刘备光是看出鲁肃随和豪爽,对其本事并无十分清楚,现在见孙权如此器重,想必也不会是等闲之辈。

在盟书宣读完毕之后,就到了整个盟誓之中最是充满神秘色彩的“歃血”环节。

在作战时会流血,而流血过多又会使人死亡,血液无疑在古人看来充满着神秘色彩,自古以来,人们对天神的崇拜以及对血液所具备的功能的幻想,使血液在人们心目中成为了一种能够实现人神相通的媒介。

“歃血”则是上告神明并请神见证的一种连通方式,此时蘸取盟牲的血液涂在口唇之上,不过春秋时期也记载过以人血来盟誓,只是那几次以人血来盟誓都是事发突然,双方在紧急情况之下,不得已而为之。

这似乎证明人血结盟只是条件不允许情况下无奈的选择,但其实并不只是如此,盟誓最早的形式其实正是以人血结盟,不过这要追溯到很久之前了。

当时的人血结盟之法大抵是双方各自刺破身体,让血液流到器皿之后,互相饮血;或是将双方之血混合,在掺入酒、水,如此之后双方再共饮。

而如今放弃人血选择盟牲之血,不仅是出于人们对自身身体的爱护,也和文明的逐渐发展演进不无关系。

盟誓盟誓,约信曰誓,莅牲为盟,盟与誓的区别正在于是否杀牲,若知晓“盟”字的甲骨文字形态,可以看出其与血祭的象形:即将血液放入盘中的形象颇有些相似。

歃血的重要性自不用多言,不过仍有不歃血的盟誓存在,《左传》中就将其称为“胥命”,虽然这也许可以起到与盟誓相同的作用,但是这些与盟的称呼却并不能混淆,这大概就是成语“歃血为盟”为何一定要将歃血作为“盟”的前提条件。

在此之后,盟誓的程序也基本已经完成,接下里则是要将盟书土埋、火烧或是沉河,将盟书寄予神明,使盟誓的内容通达于天,让盟誓需要履行的职责受到天神的监督,对叛盟者的惩罚也由天神来施行。

这几种方法其实并无区别,目的都是一样的,正巧柴桑临江,孙权也早早做好准备,他将盟书交由早在一旁等候的吕蒙,让吕蒙行船于江心,坠石栓于盟书之上,以将盟书沉于江底,如此之后,庐山之上孙权与刘备的盟誓也正式宣告结束。

其实盟誓中往往还会有其他几个步骤,比如委质就是政治交往中一个常见的行为,人质作为一种抵押现象,随着时间的推移逐渐增多,一般是发生在盟誓结束之后,由弱势一方送往强势一方,以起到要挟的作用。

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