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第六十八章 约翰纳皮尔对数计算尺(2 / 2)

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比尔吉说:“为了造第一张对数表时便于计算,必须取形如(1+1/n)n的数为底,其中n为一个较大的整数,如n=1000,等,n越大,所造的表越精确。”

别尔基造的对数表就是用数1.000做底的,这张表在1620年出版,称为“算术级数和几何级数表”。别尔基从1603年到1611年共用了八年的时间来造表,为什么要用这么多时间呢?你们可以想一下,表中对数的间隔是0.0001,从0到1就要计算个真数的值。制作整个对数表,别尔基总共做了230,000,000个以上的数依次乘以1.0001的乘法计算。

别尔基造的对数表没有得到广泛的推广,因为在1620年,纳皮尔出版了比别尔基造的表完善得多的对数表,称为“珍奇对数表”。纳皮尔的对数表是以1.000000做底的,因此更加精确。为了制作这张表,纳皮尔用了20年的时间。

后来,1620年,甘特说:“我制作了一种机械装置,甘特式计算尺,它使用一把尺和一个圆规,基于对数来做乘法。”

1624年,布里格斯出版了《对数的算术》他说:“其中引入了术语“尾数”和“特征”。他给出了自然数1到以及到的对数,计算到14位小数,同时也给出了15位小数的正弦函数表和10位小数的正切及正割函数表。”

1630年,奥特雷德说:“我发明了一种早期形式的圆形计算尺,它使用两个甘特计算尺。”

法国数学家和天文学家拉普拉斯(Laplace,1749-1827)说:“一个人的寿命如果不拿他在世上的时间长短来计算,而是拿他一生中的工作多少来衡量,那么可以说,对数的发明等于延长了人类的寿命。”

恩格斯曾经将解析几何、对数及微积分并列为十七世纪三个“最重要的数学方法”,而对数的计算又离不开对数表,由此可知对数表的制作成功对科学发展的重要意义。

随着牛顿和莱布尼兹创立了微积分,柯西和魏尔斯特拉斯等人奠定了微积分的基础,建立了严格的极限理论,人们发现当n无限增加时,数列(1+1/n)n极限存在,这个极限是一个无理数,等于2.……,数学家把这个数用字母e来表示,是为了纪念伟大的瑞士数学家欧拉。但为了纪念纳皮尔,这个数也叫作“纳皮尔数”。

因此,现在用的对数有两种,一种叫自然对数,它以数e为底,另一种叫常用对数,它以10为底。

喜欢数学心请大家收藏:数学心本站更新速度全网最快。

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