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第六百五十六章 波斯纳定理(经济学)(1 / 1)

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有了钱到底该不该买房?

你自以为背上几十年贷款买了一个高端“棺材”但无数你看不上的低端人口却在建筑工地得到了收入,让家里有了盼头,你失去的货币又算得了什么呢?买房,岂不是就是提高了经济体的效率呢?

假设一位农民在自己的田地里挖到了凯撒大帝平定高卢时期的鹰旗,当然他可以援引先占取得的法律来原始地取得对该鹰旗的所有权。但现在意大利政府主张自己和罗马共和国之间具有国家继承的关系,该鹰旗作为罗马帝国的财产现如今也属于意大利政府的财产,而且意大利政府有专门的团队可以保存该文物并且发挥其在历史学、文物学等研究领域的无穷价值。所以,如果存在规制罗马帝国文物的“波斯纳”法律的话,该鹰旗的产权显然应该归属于意大利政府,因为它能够就该旗帜产生更多的财富,更有效率的利用它而不是当作摆设。

理查德·A·波斯纳提出的法律的经济分析进路(即用经济学的理论和分析方法研究法律问题),是建立在以下三个假设条件的基础之上的:

(1)行为人的行为是他们在特定法律条件下进行成本——收益分析的结果,当事人对一定权利的不同估价是其交易得以进行的原动力;

(2)法律制度在运行中会给当事人带来收益和成本,故可用最大化、均衡和效率来评价法律行为;

(3)财产权利界定清晰可以降低交易成本。通过制定使权利让渡成本比较低的法律,可促使资源流向使用效率高者手中,从而提高经济运行效率。

对该定理最简单的解释是指“在存在高昂交易成本的前提下,应把权利赋予那些最珍惜它们并能创造出最大收益的人;而把责任归咎于那些只需付出最小成本就能避免的人。”波斯纳定理实际上告诉人们一个道理:真正的“公平”,应以“效率”为出发和归宿点。

试以天气预报来说明波斯纳的观点。波斯纳认为,虽然天气预报具有公共性,无法通过出卖这一“商品”从消费者那里得到直接的报酬,但是却可以通过买卖期货合同,借助于“期货”市场来间接地得到补偿并赚得利润。假定天气预报的发布人能够完全预见到未来天气的恶化情况。所以,可以去期货市场,以现时的价格大量购买未来的农产品;当产品收获时,发布人以当时(即未来交货时)的高价格出售农产品,从中取得高额利润。这样,信息商品的私有产权的拥有者通过“曲折”收费完全可以克服公共物品的经济外在性,使私人市场制度的运行避开“市场失灵”的陷阱。

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