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第六百五十八章 林格尔猜想(图论)(2 / 2)

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假设如果两个点彼此相邻,则它们之间的距离为1,如果两个点中间相隔一个点,则它们之间的距离为2。

现在根据距离为完整图的边上色。距离为1的所有点的边都涂成相同的颜色,例如蓝色。距离为2的点的所有边也都标记相同的颜色,例如黄色。继续这样操作,以使连接点的边距相等的距离都标记相同的颜色。

结果证明,在具有2n+1个点的完整图形上,你需要n种不同的颜色来执行该方案。

给完整图形按颜色编码后,如何找到放置第一颗树的方法呢?

这个想法是将树定位,使其覆盖每种颜色的一个边,且不覆盖任何颜色两次,数学家们将此位置称为树的彩虹副本。对于一个具有2n+1个点的完整图来说,由于着色需要n种颜色,并且其彩虹副本总是具有n+1个点的树图,因此我们知道彩虹副本是存在的。

至此,数学家们就可以通过证明每个具有2n+1个点的完整图包含具有n条边的树的彩虹副本,来证明林格尔的猜想。如果彩虹副本始终存在,则完全覆盖完整图始终有效。

如果有一个包含11(2n+1=11,则n=5)个点,且已用5种不同颜色上色的完整图形,以及一个包含6个点、5条边的树图,你的任务是在完整图中找到树的彩虹副本。

随着工作不断进行,放置下一个树的工作越来越难,因此你可能需要提前做好计划。三个数学家从一开始就知道,找到彩虹副本或许不难,难得是如何放置。就好像打包过行李箱,众所周知,我们应该从最困难、最复杂的物体开始,比如手提箱、自行车等,因为无论如何,你最后总能找到缝隙塞进一些小东西,数学家们也采纳了这一哲学。

想象一棵有11条边的树,其中6条边的点集中在一起。剩下的大部分是单一的形状,像卷须一样。

最难放置的部分是具有6条边的点。因此,数学家将它与树的其余部分分开,然后将其首先放置。这就像你要把一张床移到楼上必须得先拆卸再进行组装一样。

通过这样做,他们确保了整个图形中的剩余空间是随机的。

这三位数学家的研究表明,一旦嵌入了树图最难的部分,且完整图的剩余空间是随机的,那么总有一种方法可以嵌入树的其余部分以获得彩虹副本。

除此之外,三位数学家的研究结果给类似未解决的问题提供了新思路。或许适当调整一下还可以解决更多未知猜想。

喜欢数学心请大家收藏:数学心本站更新速度全网最快。

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