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第六百四十八章 舒伯特(Schubert)计数(1 / 2)

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Calabi-Yau也在数学中引发了一系列重大的进展,如超弦学家Candelas等人通过研究不同的Calabi-Yau流形给出的相同的超对称共形场论所发现的镜对称猜想。这个猜想由丘成桐、连文豪与我以及Givental独立证明,它解决了代数几何中遗留了上百年的舒伯特(Schubert)计数问题。

大概在格林恩与普列瑟的论文发表一年后,镜对称的下一步发展攫取了数学社群的注目。

坎德拉斯、德拉欧萨(Xenia de la Ossa)、保罗·葛林(Paul Green,马里兰大学)、帕克斯(Linda Parks)四人证明了,镜对称可以帮忙解决一个代数几何学与“枚举几何学”(enumerative geometry)中的难题,这是超过数十年未解的问题。

坎德拉斯团队所研究的是五次三维形的问题,这个问题也称为舒伯特问题,舒伯特(Hermann Schubert)是19世纪的德国数学家,他解决了这个难题的第一部分。

所谓舒伯特问题是计数在五次卡拉比—丘流形上“有理曲线”(rational curve)的数目,其中有理曲线是像球面一样,亏格为零或没有洞的曲线(实二维曲面)。

计数这些东西听起来像是种古怪的消遣,但如果你是个枚举几何学家,那么这就是你每天的主要工作。

不过这个工作丝毫不简单,绝不像把罐子中的太妃糖倒到桌上数一数而已。

如何计数流形上的物件;如何为问题找到正确架构,使得计数所得到的值有用,百余年来一直是数学家的挑战。

举例来说,如果想让最后计数出来的数值是有限而不是无限的话,我们能计数的对象就必须是紧致空间,而不能像是平面那样的空间。

又例如要计数的是曲线的交点数,这时相切(轻触彼此)的情形就会造成麻烦。

枚举几何学家发展了许多技术来处理这些情况,希望最终的结果是离散的数。

这类问题最早的例子出现于公元前200年左右,希腊数学家阿波罗尼斯(Apollonius of Perga)曾经提问说:“给定三个圆,有多少圆可以同时和这三个圆相切?”这个问题的一般答案是八,并且可以用直尺与圆规来解答。

但是要解决舒伯特问题,则需要更精密的计算技巧。

数学家处理这个难题的方式是逐步处理,每一步只处理一个固定的“次数”(degree)。

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